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WWW wird umgangssprachlich oft synonym zu Internet verwendet.
========== https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/NeXT/WorldWideWeb.html ===================== https://info.cern.ch/ erste Homepage http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website From here you can: Browse the first website [https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] Browse the first website using the line-mode browser simulator [https://line-mode.cern.ch/www/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] Learn about the birth of the web [ https://home.web.cern.ch/science/computing/birth-web] Learn about CERN, the physics laboratory where the web was born ==================== https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html World Wide Web The WorldWideWeb (W3) is a wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents. Everything there is online about W3 is linked directly or indirectly to this document, including an executive summary of the project, Mailing lists , Policy , November's W3 news , Frequently Asked Questions . What's out there? Pointers to the world's online information, subjects , W3 servers, etc. Help on the browser you are using Software Products A list of W3 project components and their current state. (e.g. Line Mode ,X11 Viola , NeXTStep , Servers , Tools , Mail robot , Library ) Technical Details of protocols, formats, program internals etc Bibliography Paper documentation on W3 and references. People A list of some people involved in the project. [https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/People.html] History A summary of the history of the project. [https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html] How can I help ? If you would like to support the web.. Getting code Getting the code by anonymous FTP , etc. ==================================== https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html History to date A few steps to date in the WWW project history are as follows: March 1989 First project proposal written and circulated for comment (TBL) . Paper "HyperText and CERN" (in ASCII or WriteNow format) produced as background. [ https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Proposal.html ] October 1990 Project proposal reformulated with encouragement from CN and ECP divisional management. RC is co-author. November 1990 Initial WorldWideWeb prototype developed on the NeXT (TBL) . November 1990 Nicola Pellow joins and starts work on the line-mode browser . Bernd Pollermann helps get interface to CERNVM "FIND" index running. TBL gives a colloquium on hypertext in general. Christmas 1990 Line mode and NeXTStep browsers demonstrable. Acces is possible to hypertext files, CERNVM "FIND", and internet news articles. Febraury 1991 workplan for the purposes of ECP division. 26 February 1991 Presentation of the project to the ECP group. March 1991 Line mode browser (www) released to limited audience on priam vax, rs6000, sun4. May 1991 Workplan produced for CN/AS group 17 May 1991 Presentation to C5 committee. General release of www on central CERN machines. 12 June 1991 CERN Computer Seminar on WWW. August 1991 Files available on the net, posted on alt.hypertext (6, 16, 19th Aug), comp.sys.next (20th), comp.text.sgml and comp.mail.multi-media (22nd). Jean-Francois Groff joins the project. October 1991 VMS/HELP and WAIS gateways installed. Mailing lists www-interest (now www-announce) and www-talk@info.cern.ch started. One year status report. Anonymous telnet service started. December 1991 Presented poster and demonstration at HT91 . W3 browser installed on VM/CMS. CERN computer newsletter announces W3 to the HEP world. 15 January 1992 Line mode browser release 1.1 available by anonymous FTP. See news . Presentation to AIHEP'92 at La Londe. 12 February 1992 Line mode v 1.2 annouced on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems, comp.mail.multi-media, cern.sting, comp.archives.admin, and mailing lists. May 1992 Presentation and demo at JENC3 (Innsbruck). Carl Barker joins the project. June 1992 Presentation and demo at HEPVM (Lyon). July 1992 Distribution of WWW through CernLib, including Viola. WWW library code ported to DECnet. Report to the Advisory Board on Computing. August 1992 introduction of CVS for code management. ==================================== https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Proposal.html WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project To: P.G. Innocenti/ECP, G. Kellner/ECP, D.O. Williams/CN Cc: R. Brun/CN, K. Gieselmann/ECP, R.€ Jones/ECP, T.€ Osborne/CN, P. Palazzi/ECP, N.€ Pellow/CN, B.€ Pollermann/CN, E.M.€ Rimmer/ECP From: T. Berners-Lee/CN, R. Cailliau/ECP Date: 12 November 1990 The attached document describes in more detail a Hypertext project. HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will. It provides a single user-interface to large classes of information (reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line help). We propose a simple scheme incorporating servers already available at CERN. The project has two phases: firstly we make use of existing software and hardware as well as implementing simple browsers for the user's workstations, based on an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments. Secondly, we extend the application area by also allowing the users to add new material. Phase one should take 3 months with the full manpower complement, phase two a further 3 months, but this phase is more open-ended, and a review of needs and wishes will be incorporated into it. The manpower required is 4 software engineers and a programmer, (one of which could be a Fellow). Each person works on a specific part (eg. specific platform support). Each person will require a state-of-the-art workstation , but there must be one of each of the supported types. These will cost from 10 to 20k each, totalling 50k. In addition, we would like to use commercially available software as much as possible, and foresee an expense of 30k during development for one-user licences, visits to existing installations and consultancy. We will assume that the project can rely on some computing support at no cost: development file space on existing development systems, installation and system manager support for daemon software. T. Berners-Lee R. Cailliau WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project T. Berners-Lee / CN, R. Cailliau / ECP Abstract: HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will. Potentially, HyperText provides a single user-interface to many large classes of stored information such as reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line systems help. We propose the implementation of a simple scheme to incorporate several different servers of machine-stored information already available at CERN, including an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments. Introduction The current incompatibilities of the platforms and tools make it impossible to access existing information through a common interface, leading to waste of time, frustration and obsolete answers to simple data lookup. There is a potential large benefit from the integration of a variety of systems in a way which allows a user to follow links pointing from one piece of information to another one. This forming of a web of information nodes rather than a hierarchical tree or an ordered list is the basic concept behind HyperText. At CERN, a variety of data is already available: reports, experiment data, personnel data, electronic mail address lists, computer documentation, experiment documentation, and many other sets of data are spinning around on computer discs continuously. It is however impossible to "jump" from one set to another in an automatic way: once you found out that the name of Joe Bloggs is listed in an incomplete description of some on-line software, it is not straightforward to find his current electronic mail address. Usually, you will have to use a different lookup-method on a different computer with a different user interface. Once you have located information, it is hard to keep a link to it or to make a private note about it that you will later be able to find quickly. Hypertext concepts The principles of hypertext, and their applicability to the CERN environment, are discussed more fully in€ [1], a glossary of technical terms is given in [2]. Here we give a short presentation of hypertext. A program which provides access to the hypertext world we call a browser. When starting a hypertext browser on your workstation, you will first be presented with a hypertext page which is personal to you : your personal notes, if you like. A hypertext page has pieces of text which refer to other texts. Such references are highlighted and can be selected with a mouse (on dumb terminals, they would appear in a numbered list and selection would be done by entering a number). When you select a reference, the browser presents you with the text which is referenced: you have made the browser follow a hypertext link : (see Fig. 1: hypertext links). That text itself has links to other texts and so on. In fig. 1, clicking on the GHI would take you to the minutes of that meeting. There you would get interested in the discussion of the UPS, and click on the highlighted word UPS to find out more about it. The texts are linked together in a way that one can go from one concept to another to find the information one wants. The network of links is called a web . The web need not be hierarchical, and therefore it is not necessary to "climb up a tree" all the way again before you can go down to a different but related subject. The web is also not complete, since it is hard to imagine that all the possible links would be put in by authors. Yet a small number of links is usually sufficient for getting from anywhere to anywhere else in a small number of hops. The texts are known as nodes. The process of proceeding from node to node is called navigation . Nodes do not need to be on the same machine: links may point across machine boundaries. Having a world wide web implies some solutions must be found for problems such as different access protocols and different node content formats. These issues are addressed by our proposal. Nodes can in principle also contain non-text information such as diagrams, pictures, sound, animation etc. The term hypermedia is simply the expansion of the hypertext idea to these other media. Where facilities already exist, we aim to allow graphics interchange, but in this project, we concentrate on the universal readership for text, rather than on graphics. Applications The application of a universal hypertext system, once in place, will cover many areas such as document registration, on-line help, project documentation, news schemes and so on. It would be inappropriate for us (rather than those responsible) to suggest specific areas, but experiment online help, accelerator online help, assistance for computer center operators, and the dissemination of information by central services such as the user office and CN and ECP divisions are obvious candidates. WorldWideWeb (or W3 ) intends to cater for these services across the HEP community. Scope: Objectives and non-Objectives The project will operate in a certain well-defined subset of the subject area often associated with the "Hypertext" tag. It will aim: to provide a common (simple) protocol for requesting human readable information stored at a remote system, using networks; to provide a protocol within which information can automatically be exchanged in a format common to the supplier and the consumer; to provide some method of reading at least text (if not graphics) using a large proportion of the computer screens in use at CERN; to provide and maintain at least one collection of documents, into which users may (but are not bound to) put their documents. This collection will include much existing data. (This is partly to give us first hand experience of use of the system, and partly because members of the project will already have documentation for which they are responsible) to provide a keyword search option, in addition to navigation by following references, using any new or existing indexes (such as the CERNVM FIND indexes). The result of a keyword search is simply a hypertext document consisting of a list of references to nodes which match the keywords. to allow private individually managed collections of documents to be linked to those in other collections. to use public domain software wherever possible, or interface to proprietary systems which already exist. to provide the software for the above free of charge to anyone. The project will not aim to provide conversions where they do not exist between the many document storage formats at CERN, although providing a framework into which such conversion utilities can fit; to force users to use any particular word processor, or mark-up format; to do research into fancy multimedia facilities such as sound and video; to use sophisticated network authorisation systems. data will be either readable by the world (literally), or will be readable only on one file system, in which case the file system's protection system will be used for privacy. All network traffic will be public. Requirements Analysis In order to ensure response to real needs, a requirements analysis for the information access needs of a large CERN experiment will be conducted at the very start, in parallel with the first project phase. This analysis will at first be limited to the activities of the members of the Aleph experiment, and later be extended to at least one other experiment. An overview will be made of the information generation, storage and retrieval, independent of the form (machine, paper) and independent of the finality (experiment, administration). The result should be: lists of sources, depots and sinks of information, lists of formats, diagrams of flow, statistics on traffic, estimated levels of importance of flows, lists of client desires and / or suggested improvements, estimated levels of satisfaction with platforms, estimated urgency for improvements. This analysis will itself not propose solutions or improvements, but its results will guide the project. Architecture The architecture of the hypertext world is one of data stored on server machines, and client processes on the same or other machines. The machines are linked by some network (fig. 2). Fig. 2: proposed model for the hypertext world A workstation is either an independent machine in your office or a terminal connected to a close-by computer, and connected to the same network. The servers are active processes that reply to requests. The hypertext data is explicitly accessible to them. Servers can be many on the same computer system, but then each caters to a specific hypertext base. Clients are browser processes, usually but not necessarily on a different computer system. Information passed is of two kinds: nodes and links. Building blocks Browsers and servers are the two building blocks to be provided. A browser is a native application program running on the client machine:- it performs the display of a hypertext node using the client hardware & software environment. For example, a Macintosh browser will use the Macintosh interface look-and-feel. it performs the traversal of links. For example, when using a Macintosh to browse on CERNVM FIND it will be the Macintosh browser which remembers which links were traversed, how to go back etc., whereas the CERNVM server just responds by handing the browser nodes, and has no idea of which nodes the user has visited. it performs the negotiation of formats in dialog with the server. For example, a browser for a VT100 type display will always negotiate ASCII text only, whereas a Macintosh browser might be constructed to accept PostScript or SGML. A server is a native application program running on the server machine:- it manages a web of nodes on that machine.- it negotiates the presentation format with the browser, performing on-the-fly (or cached) conversions from its own internal format, if any.. Operation A link is specified as an ASCII string from which the browser can deduce a suitable method of contacting an appropriate server. When a link is followed, the browser addresses the request for the node to the server. The server therefore has nothing to know about other servers or other webs and can be kept simple. Once the server has located the requested node, it will know from the node contents what the node's format is (eg. pure ASCII, marked-up, word processor storage and which word processor etc.). The server then begins a negotiation with the browser, in which they decide between them what format is acceptable for display on the user's screen. This negotiation will be based only on existing conversion programs and formats: it is not in the scope of W3 to write new converters. The last resort in the negotiation is the binary transfer of the node contents to a file in the user's file space. Negotiating the format for presentation is particular to W3. Project phases Provided with resources mentioned below, we foresee the first two phases of the project as achieving the following goals: Phase 1 -- Target: 3 months from start Browsers on dumb terminal to open readership to anyone with a computer or PC.(?) Browsers on vt220 terminals to give cursor-oriented readership to a very large proportion of readers; A browser on the Macintosh in the Macintosh style; A browser on the NeXT using the NeXTStep tools, as a fast prototype for ideas in human interface design and navigation techniques. A server providing access to the world of Usenet/Internet news articles. * A server providing access to all the information currently stored on CERNVM and mentioned in the FIND index. This should include CERN program library notes, IBM and CERN CMS help screens, CERN/CN writeups, Computer Newsletter articles, etc. A server which may be installed on any machine to allow files on that machine to be accessed as hypertext. The ability for users to write, using markup tags, their own hypertext for help files. No other hypertext editing capability will necessarily be implemented in this phase. A gateway process to allow access between the Internet and DECnet protocol worlds. A set of guidelines on how to manage a hypertext server. A requirements analysis of the information access needs for a large experiment. At this stage, readership is universal, but the creation of new material relies on existing systems. For example, the introduction of new material for the FIND index, or the posting of news articles will use the same procedures as at present. we gain useful experience in the representation of existing data in hypertext form, and in the types of navigational and other aids appreciated by users in high energy physics. Phase 2 -- Target: 6 months from start In this important phase, we aim to allow The creation of new links and new material by readers. At this stage, authorship becomes universal. A full-screen browser on VM/XA for those using CERNVM, and other HEP VM sites; An X-window browser/editor, giving the sophisticated facilities originally prototyped under NeXTStep to the wide X-based community. (We imagine using OSF/Motif subject to availability) The automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available. This is essential for news articles, but is very useful for any other material. The ability of readers to create links allows annotation by users of existing data, allows to add themselves and their documents to lists (mailing lists, indexes, etc). It should be possible for users to link public documents to (for example) bug reports, bug fixes, and other documents which the authors themselves might never have realised existed.This phase allows collaborative authorship. It provides a place to put any piece of information such that it can later be found. Making it easy to change the web is thus the key to avoiding obsolete information. One should be able to trace the source of information, to circumvent and then to repair flaws in the web. Resources required 1. People The following functions are identifiable. They do not necessarily correspond to individuals on a one to one basis. The initials in brackets indicate people who have already expressed an interest in the project and who have the necessary skills but do not indicate any commitment as yet on thier part or the part of their managers. We are of course very open to involvement from others. System architect. Coordinate development, protocol definition, etc; ensures integrity of design. (50% TBL?) Market research and product planner. Discuss the project and its features with potential and actual users in all divisions. Prepare criteria for feature selection and development priority. (50% RC?) Hyper-Librarian. Oversees the web of available data, ensuring its coherency. Interface with users, train users. Manages indexes and keyword systems. Manages data provided by the project itself. (100% KG?) Software engineer: NeXTStep. Provide browser/editor interface under the NeXTStep human interface tools. Experiment with navigational aids. Keep a running knowledge of the NeXTStep world. (50%TBL?) Software engineer: X-windows and human interface. Provide browser/editor human interface under OSF/Motif. Respond to user suggestion for ease of use improvements and options. Create an aesthetic, practical human interface. Keep a running knowledge of the X world. (75%RJ?) Software engineer: IBM mainframe. Provide browser service on CERNVM and other HEP VM sites. Maintain the FIND server software. Keep up a running knowledge of the CMS, Rexx world. (75% BP?) Software engineer: Macintosh. Provide browser/editor for the mac, using whatever tools are appropriate (Thnk-C, HyperCard, etc?). (50%RC?) Software engineer: C. Help write code for dumb terminal or vt100 browsers, and portable browser code to be shared between browers. This could include a technical student project. (100% NP? + A.N.Other?) We foresee that a demand may arise for browsers on specific systems, for specific customizations, and for servers to make specific existing data available online as hypertext. We intend to enthusiastically support such widening of the web. Of course, we may have to draw on more manpower and specific expertise in these cases. 2. Other resources We will require the following support in the way of equipment and services. We feel it is important for those involved in the project to be able to work close to each other and exchange ideas and problems as they work. An office area or close group of offices is therefore required. Each person working on the project will require a state-of-the-art workstation. Experience shows that a workstation has to be upgraded in some way every two years or so as software becomes more cumbersome, and memory/speed requirements increase. This, and the cost of software upgrades, we foresee as reasonable expenses. We imagine using a variety of types of workstation as we provide software on a variety of machines, but otherwise NeXTs. For VMS machines, we would like the support of an existing VAXcluster to minimize our own system management overheads. We would like to be able to purchase licenses for commercial hypertext software where we feel this could be incorporated into the project, and save development and maintenance time, or where we feel we could gain useful experience from its use. (Approximate examples are: Guide license: CHF750; KMS full author license CHF1500, evaluation kit CHF100. FrameMaker: CHF2000) We will require computing support. In particular, we will require a reliable backed up NFS (or equivalent) file server support for our development environment. We will also need to run daemon software on machines with Internet, DECnet and BITNET connectivity, which will require a certain amount of support from operators and system managers. Future paths The two phases above will provide an extremely useful set of tools. Though the results seem ambitious, the individual steps necessary are well within our abilities with available technology. Future developments which would further enhance the project could include: Daemon programs which run overnight and build indexes of available information. A server automatically providing a hypertext view of a (for example Oracle) database, from a description of the database and a description (for example in SQL) of the view required. Work on efficient networking over wide areas, negotiation with other sites to provide compatible online information. A serious study of the use and abuse of the system, the sociology of its use at CERN. References [1]  T. Berners-Lee/CN, HyperText and CERN . An explanation of hypertext, and why it is important for CERN. A background document explaining the ideas behind this project. [2] T. Berners-Lee/CN, Hypertext Design Issues . A detailed look at hypertext models and facilities, with a discussion of choices to be made in choosing or implementing a system. [3] Other documentation on the project is stored in hypertext form and which leads to further references. ======================= https://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/People.html WWW people This is a list of some of those who have contributed to the WWW project , and whose work is linked into this web. Unless otherwise stated they are at CERN, Phone +41(22)767 plus the extension given below or look them up in the phone book . Address: 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. See also: Wizards at SLAC . Eelco van Asperen Ported the line-mode browser the PC under PC-NFS; developed a curses version. Email: evas@cs.few.eur.nl. Carl Barker Carl is at CERN for a six month period during his degree course at Brunel University, UK. Carl will be working on the server side, possibly on client authentication. Tel: 8265. Email: barker@cernnext.cern.ch Tim Berners-Lee Currently in CN division. Before comming to CERN, Tim worked on, among other things, document production and text processing. He developped his first hypertext system, "Enquire", in 1980 for his own use (although unaware of the existence of the term HyperText). With a background in text processing, real-time software and communications, Tim decided that high energy physics needed a networked hypertext system and CERN was an ideal site for the development of wide-area hypertext ideas. Tim started the WorldWideWeb project at CERN in 1989. He wrote the application on the NeXT along with most of the communications software. Phone: 3755, Email: timbl@info.cern.ch Robert Cailliau Formerly in programming language design and compiler construction, Robert has been interested in document production since 1975, when he designed and implemented a widely used document markup and formatting system. He ran CERN's Office Computing Systems group from 87 to 89. He is a long-time user of Hypercard, which he used to such diverse ends as writing trip reports, games, bookkeeping software, and budget preparation forms. When he is not doing WWW's public relations, Robert is contributing browser software for the Macintosh platform, and analysing the needs of physics experiments for online data access. Phone: +41 (22) 767 50 05, Email: cailliau@cernnext.cern.ch Dan Connolly An early follower of the project, Dan wrote a private X-Windows editor for his company, and encouraged the use of proper SGML and MIME in the future. He wrote a DTD for HTML and an HTML legalizer for old files. Email: connolly@pixel.convex.com. Peter Dobberstein While at the DESY lab in Hamburg (DE), Peter did the port of the line-mode browser onto MVS and, indirectly, VM/CMS. These were the most difficult of the ports to date. He also overcame many incidental problems in making a large amount of information in the DESY database available. "Erwise" team Kim Nyberg, Teemu Rantanen, Kati Suominen and Kari Syd{nmaanlakka ('{' is 'a' with two dots above it.. we must get some character set description into HTML!) (under the supervision of Ari Lemmke) are "Erwise". At Helsinki Technical University, they are writing a Motif-based WWW browser (editor? we can hope...) for their undergraduate final year project. The team can be reached as erwise@cs.hut.fi and Ari as arl@cs.hut.fi. Alain Favre Alain is an undergraduate working with ECP/PT on a browser for Windows on PCs. Phone: 8265, no email yet. In CERN mostly in the afternoons. David Foster With wide experience in networking, and a current conviction information systems and PC/Windows being the way of the future, Dave is having a go at a MS-Windows browser/editor. Dave also has a strong interest in server technology and intelligent information retrieval algorithms. Jean-Francois Groff Provided some useful input in the "design issues". During his stay at CERN as "cooperant", J-F joined the project in September 1991. He wrote the gateway to the VMS Help system , worked on the new modular browser architecure, and helped support and present WWW at all levels. He is now porting the communications code to DECnet in order to set up servers for physics experiments. JF now works for NeXT Europe but continues his interest in the web...( Contact ) Tony Johnson Tel: (415) 926 2278, TONYJ@scs.slac.stanford.edu. Designer of MidasWWW . Boston University, collaborating with SLAC, SSC, etc. A SLAC server expert and a WWWizard . Paul Kunz Paul took the W3 word across to SLAC, installed the clients and inspired the setting up of servers by the WWWizards . Paul spreads enthusiasm for all sort of good ideas such as OO programming, NeXTs, etc... Willem van Leeuwen at NIKHEF, WIllem put up many servers and has provided much useful feedback about the w3 browser code. Nicola Pellow With the project from November 1990 to August 1991, and October 1992 to ??. A graduate of Leicester Polytechnic, UK, Nicola wrote the original line mode browser . ( More ) Nicola is now (Oct 92) working on the Mac browser . Bernd Pollermann Bernd is responsible for the "XFIND" indexes on the CERNVM node, for their operation and, largely, their contents. He is also the editor of the Computer Newsletter (CNL), and has experience in managing large databases of information. Bernd is in the AS group of CN division. He has contributed code for the FIND server which allows hypertext access to this large store of information. Phone: 2407, Office: 513-1-16, Email: bernd@cernvm.cern.ch A r thur Secret A student at CERN during August and September 1992, Arthur wrote the first W3-Oracle gateway . Jonthan Streets Online Support group, FNAL. Jonathan put up a VMS server using DCL and later C. He helped debug the Mac browser. Pei Wei Pei is the author of " Viola", a hypertext browser, and the ViolaWWW variant which is a WWW browser. He was at the University of California at Berkeley, Experimental Computing Facility, now full time with O'Reilly and Associates, Sebastopol, CA, USA. Email: wei@xcf.berkeley.edu Bebo White one of the WWWizards at SLAC, Bebo enthusiastically spreads the word. During a short stay at CERN in summer '92, Bebo put up a number of servers for information from the Aleph experiment. James Whitescarver New Jersey Institute of Technology. jim@eies2.njit.edu ======================
 

Internets Hypertext URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Links aufgerufen werden.

Das WWW beruht auf einem Vorschlag von T. Berners-Lee, in welchem es im wesentlichen darum ging, das Internet als Plattfom für einen möglichst universellen Dateitaustausch zu benutzen. Damit möglichst viele Computertypen miteinbezogen werden konnten, wurde ein rigides Protokoll entwickelt, dessen Hauptmerkmal HTML-Dateien sind, die durch Browser angeschaut werden.

Geschichte des WWW:
Tim Berners-Lee stellte das Konzept 1989 im Cern vor und machte das World Wide Web-Projekt am 6. August 1991 mit einem Beitrag zur Newsgroup alt.hypertext öffentlich und weltweit verfügbar.

Wie sich das WWW dann tatsächlich entwickelt hat, ist eine etwas kompliziertere Geschichte. Die Entwicklung von Browsern ist ein technischer Aspekt davon. Wichtig war aber wohl auch die Verbreitung des e-mails, wodurch ganz viele private PC an das Internet angeschlossen wurden.


 

Anmerkung:
Die Zielsetzung "Dateiaustausch" erwies sich als sehr fruchtbar. Es ist sinnenklar, dass das Internet bei weitem nicht nur der Textproduktion dient, das Internet ist Medium für Werbung und Auskunft, für Spiele, Pornographie und Bankverbindungen. Alle Massenmedien verwenden es als zusätzlichen Kanal. Bei T. Berners-Lee stand noch die Text-Kollaboration von international verteiten Arbeitsgruppen im Vordergrund. Dieses ursprüngliche Anliegen wird in der Hyper-Trilogie zum kollaborativen Schreiben im Internet ausführlich dargestellt.

Seit etwa 2005 gibt es das sogenannte Web 2.0, was im wesentlichen eine Software bezeichnet, die wie etwas das Facebook hinreichend massenfähig ist.

 bild bild

Ende 2008 zählten die Webexperten über 186 Millionen Websites, fast 32 Millionen mehr als Ende 2007. Interessant: über 51% der Sites werden mit dem Betriebssystem Apache betrieben, das als OpenSource-Software klarer Marktführer ist. Microsoft bringt es mit seiner Server-Software nur auf einen Anteil von gut 33%.

Ein paar wichtige Konzeptdifferenzen

Das dem Hypertext zugrunde liegende Konzept stammt von früheren Entwicklungen ab, wie Ted Nelsons Projekt Xanadu, Vannevar Bushs „memex“-Maschinenidee und dem Note Code Project.
Das World Wide Web unterscheidet sich von damaligen Hypertext-Systemen (Note Code benutzte beispielsweise eine einfache und lesbare Syntax und semantische Deskriptoren). Das WWW benötigt nur unidirektionale Links statt bidirektionaler, was es ermöglicht, einen Link auf eine Ressource zu setzen, ohne dass deren Besitzer eingreifen muss. Zudem baut das World Wide Web – anders als andere Protokolle wie HyperCard oder Gopher – auf einem freien Protokoll auf, was die Entwicklung von Servern und Clients ohne Beschränkungen durch Lizenzen möglich machte. Tim Berners-Lee machte das World Wide Web-Projekt am 6. August 1991 mit einem Beitrag zur Newsgroup alt.hypertext öffentlich und weltweit verfügbar.


 
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