Energie - Anhänge
[ zurück ]
[ Stichworte ]
[ Literatur ]
[ Die Hyper-Bibliothek ]
[ Systemtheorie ]
Wenn ich mit Oel heize, verbrenne ich Oel und erzeuge so eine Steigerung der Temperatur. Als konstruierender Beobachter sehe ich, dass Oel verschwindet und dass die Quecksilbersäule in meinem Thermometer länger wird. Ich sehe dabei keine Energie, sondern eine Korrelation zwischen dem verschwindenen Oel und der Länge der Quecksilbersäule. Diese korrelierte Veränderung, die ich ich quantifizieren kann, bezeichne ich als Umwandlung von Energie, das Oel bezeichne ich als potentielle Energie, weil ich damit die Quecksilbersäule verlängern kann. Die Heizung ist eine Konstruktion zu dieser Funktion.
Theoretisch verwende ich den Ausdruck "Energie" innerhalb der Systemtheorie als Differenz, die ich durch die angeführten Homonyme formulieren kann.
Energie hat in der Exoterik (zb in der Physik) eine objektive, äussere
und in der Esoterik (zb als Chi im Tao) eine subjektive, innere Form.
|
Wenn ein Wald brennt, wird es heiss. Wenn es genügend stark regnet, erlöscht das Feuer, dann wird es wieder kälter. Dass der Wald brennt und dass der Brand durch den Regen gelöscht wird, rechne ich beides nicht mir zu. Ich erlebe den Brand als äusseres, von mir unabhängiges Ereignis, welches ich als Feuer sehe und als Hitze spüre. Ich nehme überdies wahr, dass der Wald dabei im Feuer verschwindet oder dass das Feuer im Regen verschwindet, wodurch der Wald (teilweise) erhalten bleibt.
Analog dazu kann ich zuhause im Cheminée ein Stück Holz anzünden und wenn es brennt, kann ich es als Feuerwehr "regnend" löschen, indem ich Wasser auf das Feuer giesse. In diesem Fall rechne ich beides zu einem Teil meiner Tätigkeit zu. Ich habe das Feuer gemacht und wieder gelöscht - und die Analogie erkannt.
Das Feuer, das Wasser und die Tatsache, dass Wasser Feuer löschen kann, rechne ich nicht mir zu. Ich finde das in meiner Umwelt vor. Mir rechne ich zu, dass ich meine Umwelt so manipulieren kann, dass das Holz brennt und dass das Feuer durch Wasser gelöscht wird.
Wenn der Wald brennt, kann ich das als Schaden auffassen, wenn Holz in meinem Ofen brennt, kann ich das als Nutzen auffassen. Wenn ich den Waldbrand mit Wasser löschen kann, kann ich das als Nutzen auffassen, wenn Wasser in meinen Ofen fliesst, kann ich das als Schaden auffassen. Nutzen und Schaden sind also nicht an das Feuer gebunden, sondern daran, ob ich das Feuer will oder nicht.
Wenn ich mit bezug auf meine Feuer-Wasser-Umwelt Nutzen herbeiführen oder Schaden abwenden will, muss ich etwas tun, was ich als Arbeiten bezeichne. Ich muss Holz und oder Wasser herbeischaffen. Dabei unterscheide ich, ob ich viel oder wenig arbeiten muss. Allerdings weiss ich zunächst nicht so recht, wie ich meine Arbeit messen könnte. Gesellschaftlich haben wir dazu sehr verschiedene Strategien entwickelt. Ich kann beispielsweise vergleichen, ob ich innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeit mehr Holz oder Wasser herbeischaffen kann als eine andere Person, es gibt viele solche Messmöglichkeiten.
|
|
|
|
Noch mehr Erläuterung:
Das Wasser in einem Stausee quantifiziere ich durch die Grösse "Volumen", wenn ich die gemessene Anzahl Liter meine oder durch die Grösse "Temperatur", wenn ich die Anzahl Grade Celsius meine. Durch die Grösse "Energie" quantifizieren ich das Wasser in einem Stausee, wenn ich die abruf- und messbare Anzahl Joule meine, die im See enthalten sind.
Die "Joules" sind "im" Wasser, aber keine Eigenschaft von Wasser. Wenn ich denselben Stausee mit Wein fülle, sind die Joules "im" Wein. Ich kann den See mit irgendeiner hinreichend flüssigen Flüssigkeit füllen, aber ich kann ihn nicht mit abstrakter Flüssigkeit füllen.
|
|
|
Wenn ich dieselbe Menge Wasser in einen höher gelegenen Stausee bringe, sind entsprechend mehr Joule im Wasser. Ich sage dann, dass der Wert der Grösse (oder verkürzt die Grösse) grösser ist, weil das Wasser eine grössere Anzahl Joule enthält.
(Die Basis der Wert-Metapher, die einem Glas Wasser in der Wüste einen grösseren Wert zuschreibt als dem gleichen Glas Wasser an einem See, besteht darin, dass Wert als Grösse eines Variablenwert formalisiert wird).
|
Energie steckt auch in Holz. Man kann Holz wie Wasser hochheben und fallen lassen, man kann es aber auch verbrennen, und damit beispielsweise Wasser hochheben, so dass die Enegie vom Holz in die Hochlage von Wasser übergeht. Man kann die Energie im Wasser als Standard denken und jede andere Energie dazu nutzen, Wasser hochzuheben.
Als pysikalische Grösse bezeichnet Energie die Dimension einer Messung, zu welcher Verfahren, Qualitäten, Masseinheiten und Bezeichnungen durch Konvention festgelegt sind (SI Internationale Einheitensystem). Das Resultat der Messung ergibt eine Anzahl Joule, also [ kg . m2/ s2 ].
|
|
|
Als Energie bezeichne ich eine Zustandsgrösse und als Arbeit die Vorgangsgrösse, die ihr - im angetriebenen Mechanismus - entspricht. Gespeichert wird im Sinne dieser Unterscheidung die "Energie". Anschaulich wird das Wasser gespeichert, das durch "Arbeit" in den Stausee hochgetragen wird.
In der Alltagssprache kann man "Energie" erzeugen, verbrauchen, einsparen, verschwenden, kaufen, verkaufen, tanken, speichern und vieles andere mehr. Mit solchen Formulierungen beziehe ich mich pragmatisch darauf, dass ich die "Energie" in einer bestimmten Form an einem bestimmten Ort brauche, und für die Herstellung dieses Zustandes Geld bezahle, also Arbeit liefere, um "Energie im richtigen Zustand" zu bekommen. Jeder "Energie im richtigen Zustand" entspricht in diesem pragmatischen Sinne eine Speicherung, die durch Abfluss entleert wird (a la Stausee): Windenergie etwa beruht auf Stauluft-Behältern, die analog zum Stausee sind. Dass ich beispielsweise diese Behälter nicht wie Stauseen herstelle, hat pragmatische Auswirkungen. Die Behälter sind gratis, aber das Nutzen dieser Energiespeicher ist teu(r)er. Dasselbe gilt für Erdoel. Es ist gratis, aber im Boden hat es nicht die richtige Form.
Jede Energie wird materiell gemessen und materiell genutzt. Energie hat ihren Sinn ausschliesslich in Systemen, also im Kontext von konstruierten Mechanismen. Die Energie etwa, die ich durch Nahrung aufnehme und mit welcher ich mein Herz antreibe, ist eine schlichte Projektion davon, dass ich jede Pumpe mit Energie antreiben muss.
Jedes Wind- oder Wasserrad und jeder Elektromotor sind aus Material gemacht.
[]
---------------------------- mail [sociocybernetics) 19. 09.2009
Friends: I am not able to file or attach any documents. It seems that I don't have permission yet. So I'll just post the document in this message. I'm afraid it will read very badly, but it's too hard to go back and reformat. Sorry for the long post.
Shaun Bartone
PhD Environmental Sociology
Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada
Maturana: Energy transfers in living systems = molecules crossing a membrane = entropy
Energy transfers (entropy) in human social systems:
•light energy: light off objects to the eyes, photo energy, is translated into neuro-electro-•chemical energy in the brain and nervous system, through the optical parts of the brain, stimulating change, distinction, complexity
•sound wave energy: sound waves from objects hit the ear, translate to mechanical, then neuro-electro-chemical energy to the brain's "hearing" centers of the brain, stimulating change, difference, complexity; in reverse, body/vocal energy emits sound waves that stimulate others
•Light, sound and kinetic energy are foundational for communicative structures.
•Kinetic Energy: transfers of work. Worker A picks up a heavy box and hands it to Worker B. That transfer of the weighted object (kinetic energy) stimulates the visual energy system, brain, nerves and muscles to react, "resonate" with energy, accept the box with his/her hands and transfer the box (kinetic energy) to it's next location.
•Human individual: nutrition (sugars, proteins,fats, nutrients), water, and other chemical energies needed to sustain life
Human to human transfers of molecules: only in sexual reproduction
•conception: semen to egg: actual transfer of molecules; recombination of molecules via DNA
•gestation: human to embryo, nutrition, blood, chemicals, etc.
•lactation: milk to baby
•warmth: bodies together, transferring heat from one body to another
•medical transfers: blood, organs (although these might be considered "products")
Human to social system transfers of molecules:
•receiving/transmitting communication; requires light, sound, electricity, material objects (text and textiles)
•emotional energy
Material to human transfers of molecules:
•kinetic energy of any object or materials (solid, liquid, gas) that impacts the human body
chemicals, minerals, gases in environment: air, oxygen
•heat/cold (diffusion) from objects
Communicative structures about objects, materials
• almost every social system deals with material objects of some kind and has a communicative structure for it
• economics
• science + engineering + economics
• art, design, architecture
• urban planning
Asymmetries in binary codes:
The basic distinction, system/environment, is asymmetrical, because they are different things, and because the environment is always larger and more complex than the system;
other asymmetries :
black/white
male/female
worker/capitalist
greater or lesser significance is attributed to one or the other side of the binary; difference in attribution, coupled with network dynamics, skews connections toward the larger, more significant, equals "power difference."
Translates into the "gravitational energy" one part of the binary grows larger more powerful
Angela's paper: "The Weight of Communications"
The sheer weight and flow (kinetic energy) of objects/materials through various systems stimulates new communicative structures;
each object must be designed, named, located within communicative structure,
each process of production must be mapped out in the communicative structure
Productive system: part of economic system;
• communicative structures for: problem, design, engineering, prototype, resource extraction, manufacturing, distribution, consumption, recycling
• economic communicative structures for organizing all this work; corporations, finance, factories, transportation systems, marketing, consumption, recycling, etc.
• the "problem": communicative structure about "disturbance", demands "solution"
solution is technology: design, engineering . . . .
worker/capitalist binary code
means of production: material base
Communicative structures and Energy:
• light, sound and kinetic energy
• energy throughputs affect the size, speed and complexity of the system
• more energy facilitates/stimulates more communication, over bigger distances, with less noise, faster, "fatter"= more complex (text/audio/visual)
Material structures, energy & impacts on environment
• energy throughputs move more objects/materials faster, farther, wider distribution
• the necessity of dealing with this larger, faster, farther volume of material stimulates new communicative structures, more complexity
• distance creates problems: requires "solutions", more complexity
• communicative structure: demands for products, more energy for throughputs of enlarged material system
• resource extraction: communicative structure: problems and/or demands for products, design, engineering, resource extraction, manufacturing, marketing, consumption, recycling
• human impact on environment: resource extraction, land use, degradation of land, species, resources
Crux of the Problem:
¿Impact of functional complexity on resource extraction, energy and material throughput?
• Status hierarchy: strict control of material demands; simple system; subsistence economy
• Most people worked at producing food and basic products: tools, textiles
Luhmann and history: WHERE'S THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
• technology: industrial revolution made resource extraction, and production of products easier, produced higher volume of stuff, e.g. textiles, then need to distinguish different products e.g. textiles, marketing, increased consumption, etc.
• Earth → technology → energy extraction → resource extraction → economy
problem → [science → technology][industrial revolution] → design → engineering . . .
• Up until recently, all resource extraction was used for economic purposes and handled by the economic system. The only control was economics.
• Now science/technology is exerting more pressure on control of energy/material throughput, using science to control/limit throughput
Functional Complexity and throughputs
When the economic system was integrated into status hierarchy, there was huge structural control over economy and thus resource extraction
When the economy became functionally specialized system, it functioned in isolation from other systems, then the larger society lost control over energy/material throughput
• fewer controls on throughput, only controlled by one system: bigger impact on environment
• self-perpetuating/replicating: the more throughput, the bigger the economic system got, the more complicated it became, the more problems it had, the more material/energy throughput it required;
• problems create complexity creates new problems creates more complexity
• land use: as humans spread out over larger distances, more energy is required to connect over those distances, energy for transportation, communication
• population growth: as human population grew, more problems, more complexity
• distance creates problems, increases complexity of transportation, communication system
• increased demand for energy throughput for communication, transportation
• material objects, buildings, roads, solve problems but also create them, require more complex systems to use and overcome the problems they create
• built environment solves problems but increases distance over land, etc.
• greater distance creates time problems, requires greater speed to overcome time/distance problem of communication/transportation
• food: energy capture;
• tribal hunter/gatherer society: small, simple communication system, tightly bound in small group, small environment
• agriculture, increased distance of land use; humans no longer traveling together as band, spread over wider area, divided by agricultural land: more complex communication; more complex transportation: the wheel, pack animals, oxen, horses for transportation
•status hierarchy society: vertical integration, but over larger area; more complex communication, transportation, work system, more complex built environment, transportation innovations;
Built environment system is getting larger and more complex too:
communicative structure of the built environment
• the language of architecture
• the language of planning and spatial relations
Energy transfers from Environment to Humans
• These are direct energy transfers from environment to humans, and thus social systems:
• Food/water
• Air/oxygen
• heat/cooling [dissipation] sun's energy (vitamin D chemical energy)
•biotic transfers: bacteria, viruses, pollen, mould, spores (allergens)
• medicine [chemical, bio-kinetic energy]
Energy transfers from Humans to Environment
• kinetic energy: people transferring their kinetic "work" energy to environment, resource extraction, movement through biotic environment; degrades biota and land
• waste, as chemical energy, heat, materials excreted, returned to environment
ALL OTHER ENERGY TRANSFERS GO THROUGH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE FABRICATED ENVIRONMENT, THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT
all controlled by the economy, and now science
• the built environment, or built system (?) is almost contiguous with the social system
• the built environment/system is nested within the natural environment
• the social system relies on the built system for life support, communication, transportation strcutures
• the built environment mediates between the natural environment and the social system
WHAT HAVE I LEFT OUT? WHAT ELSE DO WE GET FROM THE ENVIRONMENT?
I N F O R M A T I O N
What is information? A difference (Bateson)
Is information energy? Tenatively: Yes
Physicist David Bohm: Soma-Signal (requires long, complex explanation)
Buckminster Fuller: Synergy (shorter explanation, but extremely relevant to social science)
Maturana: energy transfers in living systems: molecules crossing a membrane. Molecules are large conglomerates of atoms/particles. Light, sound, kinetic energy from objects crosses the membrane of the human perception/nervous system.
I'm sure Gregory Bateson had a theory of information as energy as well.
There is no "information" without an "observer." There must be two objects in order for each object to gain "significance" by observing the other. Doesn't require a human observer. According to D. Bohm, all objects in the universe have significance for each other.
----------------------------------
Friends: I am not able to file or attach any documents. It seems that I don't have permission yet. So I'll just post the document in this message. I'm afraid it will read very badly, but it's too hard to go back and reformat. Sorry for the long post.
Shaun Bartone
PhD Environmental Sociology
Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada
Maturana: Energy transfers in living systems = molecules crossing a membrane = entropy
Energy transfers (entropy) in human social systems:
•light energy: light off objects to the eyes, photo energy, is translated into neuro-electro-•chemical energy in the brain and nervous system, through the optical parts of the brain, stimulating change, distinction, complexity
•sound wave energy: sound waves from objects hit the ear, translate to mechanical, then neuro-electro-chemical energy to the brain's "hearing" centers of the brain, stimulating change, difference, complexity; in reverse, body/vocal energy emits sound waves that stimulate others
•Light, sound and kinetic energy are foundational for communicative structures.
•Kinetic Energy: transfers of work. Worker A picks up a heavy box and hands it to Worker B. That transfer of the weighted object (kinetic energy) stimulates the visual energy system, brain, nerves and muscles to react, "resonate" with energy, accept the box with his/her hands and transfer the box (kinetic energy) to it's next location.
•Human individual: nutrition (sugars, proteins,fats, nutrients), water, and other chemical energies needed to sustain life
Human to human transfers of molecules: only in sexual reproduction
•conception: semen to egg: actual transfer of molecules; recombination of molecules via DNA
•gestation: human to embryo, nutrition, blood, chemicals, etc.
•lactation: milk to baby
•warmth: bodies together, transferring heat from one body to another
•medical transfers: blood, organs (although these might be considered "products")
Human to social system transfers of molecules:
•receiving/transmitting communication; requires light, sound, electricity, material objects (text and textiles)
•emotional energy
Material to human transfers of molecules:
•kinetic energy of any object or materials (solid, liquid, gas) that impacts the human body
chemicals, minerals, gases in environment: air, oxygen
•heat/cold (diffusion) from objects
Communicative structures about objects, materials
• almost every social system deals with material objects of some kind and has a communicative structure for it
• economics
• science + engineering + economics
• art, design, architecture
• urban planning
Asymmetries in binary codes:
The basic distinction, system/environment, is asymmetrical, because they are different things, and because the environment is always larger and more complex than the system;
other asymmetries :
black/white
male/female
worker/capitalist
greater or lesser significance is attributed to one or the other side of the binary; difference in attribution, coupled with network dynamics, skews connections toward the larger, more significant, equals "power difference."
Translates into the "gravitational energy" one part of the binary grows larger more powerful
Angela's paper: "The Weight of Communications"
The sheer weight and flow (kinetic energy) of objects/materials through various systems stimulates new communicative structures;
each object must be designed, named, located within communicative structure,
each process of production must be mapped out in the communicative structure
Productive system: part of economic system;
• communicative structures for: problem, design, engineering, prototype, resource extraction, manufacturing, distribution, consumption, recycling
• economic communicative structures for organizing all this work; corporations, finance, factories, transportation systems, marketing, consumption, recycling, etc.
• the "problem": communicative structure about "disturbance", demands "solution"
solution is technology: design, engineering . . . .
worker/capitalist binary code
means of production: material base
Communicative structures and Energy:
• light, sound and kinetic energy
• energy throughputs affect the size, speed and complexity of the system
• more energy facilitates/stimulates more communication, over bigger distances, with less noise, faster, "fatter"= more complex (text/audio/visual)
Material structures, energy & impacts on environment
• energy throughputs move more objects/materials faster, farther, wider distribution
• the necessity of dealing with this larger, faster, farther volume of material stimulates new communicative structures, more complexity
• distance creates problems: requires "solutions", more complexity
• communicative structure: demands for products, more energy for throughputs of enlarged material system
• resource extraction: communicative structure: problems and/or demands for products, design, engineering, resource extraction, manufacturing, marketing, consumption, recycling
• human impact on environment: resource extraction, land use, degradation of land, species, resources
Crux of the Problem:
¿Impact of functional complexity on resource extraction, energy and material throughput?
• Status hierarchy: strict control of material demands; simple system; subsistence economy
• Most people worked at producing food and basic products: tools, textiles
Luhmann and history: WHERE'S THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
• technology: industrial revolution made resource extraction, and production of products easier, produced higher volume of stuff, e.g. textiles, then need to distinguish different products e.g. textiles, marketing, increased consumption, etc.
• Earth → technology → energy extraction → resource extraction → economy
problem → [science → technology][industrial revolution] → design → engineering . . .
• Up until recently, all resource extraction was used for economic purposes and handled by the economic system. The only control was economics.
• Now science/technology is exerting more pressure on control of energy/material throughput, using science to control/limit throughput
Functional Complexity and throughputs
When the economic system was integrated into status hierarchy, there was huge structural control over economy and thus resource extraction
When the economy became functionally specialized system, it functioned in isolation from other systems, then the larger society lost control over energy/material throughput
• fewer controls on throughput, only controlled by one system: bigger impact on environment
• self-perpetuating/replicating: the more throughput, the bigger the economic system got, the more complicated it became, the more problems it had, the more material/energy throughput it required;
• problems create complexity creates new problems creates more complexity
• land use: as humans spread out over larger distances, more energy is required to connect over those distances, energy for transportation, communication
• population growth: as human population grew, more problems, more complexity
• distance creates problems, increases complexity of transportation, communication system
• increased demand for energy throughput for communication, transportation
• material objects, buildings, roads, solve problems but also create them, require more complex systems to use and overcome the problems they create
• built environment solves problems but increases distance over land, etc.
• greater distance creates time problems, requires greater speed to overcome time/distance problem of communication/transportation
• food: energy capture;
• tribal hunter/gatherer society: small, simple communication system, tightly bound in small group, small environment
• agriculture, increased distance of land use; humans no longer traveling together as band, spread over wider area, divided by agricultural land: more complex communication; more complex transportation: the wheel, pack animals, oxen, horses for transportation
•status hierarchy society: vertical integration, but over larger area; more complex communication, transportation, work system, more complex built environment, transportation innovations;
Built environment system is getting larger and more complex too:
communicative structure of the built environment
• the language of architecture
• the language of planning and spatial relations
Energy transfers from Environment to Humans
• These are direct energy transfers from environment to humans, and thus social systems:
• Food/water
• Air/oxygen
• heat/cooling [dissipation] sun's energy (vitamin D chemical energy)
•biotic transfers: bacteria, viruses, pollen, mould, spores (allergens)
• medicine [chemical, bio-kinetic energy]
Energy transfers from Humans to Environment
• kinetic energy: people transferring their kinetic "work" energy to environment, resource extraction, movement through biotic environment; degrades biota and land
• waste, as chemical energy, heat, materials excreted, returned to environment
ALL OTHER ENERGY TRANSFERS GO THROUGH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE FABRICATED ENVIRONMENT, THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT
all controlled by the economy, and now science
• the built environment, or built system (?) is almost contiguous with the social system
• the built environment/system is nested within the natural environment
• the social system relies on the built system for life support, communication, transportation strcutures
• the built environment mediates between the natural environment and the social system
WHAT HAVE I LEFT OUT? WHAT ELSE DO WE GET FROM THE ENVIRONMENT?
I N F O R M A T I O N
What is information? A difference (Bateson)
Is information energy? Tenatively: Yes
Physicist David Bohm: Soma-Signal (requires long, complex explanation)
Buckminster Fuller: Synergy (shorter explanation, but extremely relevant to social science)
Maturana: energy transfers in living systems: molecules crossing a membrane. Molecules are large conglomerates of atoms/particles. Light, sound, kinetic energy from objects crosses the membrane of the human perception/nervous system.
I'm sure Gregory Bateson had a theory of information as energy as well.
There is no "information" without an "observer." There must be two objects in order for each object to gain "significance" by observing the other. Doesn't require a human observer. According to D. Bohm, all objects in the universe have significance for each other.
-------------------
Energie ist ein Erklärungsprinzip. Ich kann mit dem Wasser eines Stausees ein Wasserrad antreiben. Und ich kann mich - fiktiv - fragen, warum das möglich ist. Die Antwort lautet: Weil der See oder das Wasser Energie enthält, wodurch Energie zu einer Art Erklärung wird, die ich in Anlehnung an G. Bateson Erklärungsprinzip nenne, weil ja damit gerade nichts erklärt wird.
Als Erklärungsprinzip bezeichnet Energie den zu erklärenden Sachverhalt, dass nämlich sich das Wasserrad unter dem Wasserzufluss dreht und nur durch Energie aufgehalten werden könnte. Energie ist in dieser Perspektive eine Implikation der mechanischen Dynamik einer Konstruktion. Der Mechanismus "Wasserrad unterhalb eines Stausees" erklärt beispielsweise warum sich die Mühlesteine drehen. Er kann nicht erklärt werden, er ist die Erklärung.
------------------------------------------
1 Joule = 1 Newton * 1 Meter (1 Newton = 1 kg * 1m /s *s) = Kraft zur Beschleunigung von 1 Kg um 1 m /s pro s
1 Joule = 1 W = 1 J * 1 Sekunde (weil 1 Watt = J / s = 1 Kg m2 / s3 = Kraft zur Beschleunigung von 1 kg um 1 m /s pro s pro s = 1 VoltAmpere
Kg * m * m / s * s * s
--------------------------------------------------
That's right, Luhmann did not work with a concept of energy in his
theory. That is unlike Parsons who had his famous cybernetics
hierarchy where information travelled top-down, and energy, bottom-up.
But it's like most of systems theory people who were eager to leave
any energy paradigm of explanation (as in, e.g., forces, causes,
effects, and so on) behind, and to invest instead into an information
paradigm of explanation. We should indeed perhaps reconsider this.
Luhmann nevertheless thought a lot about the dependency of modern
society on energy as its most important infrastructure feature. See
some remarks in his Sociology of Risk, for instance. He was aware of
the fact that, given a breakdown of energy supply, most of the world
population would be dead within weeks. He considered this, together
with antibiotica, among the two most dangerous, i.e., self-
endangering, conditions of modern society.
Dirk Baecker in der socio-Liste am 16.10.2009
zeigt, dass Energie NICHT als Theoretisches Konzept gesehen wird, sondern umgangssprchlich als AKW-Strom, der ausbleiben könnt
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Ein Newton ist somit die Kraft, die benötigt wird, um einen ruhenden Körper der Masse 1 kg innerhalb von einer Sekunde gleichförmig auf die Geschwindigkeit zu beschleunigen.
oder:
Ein Newton ist somit die Kraft, die benötigt wird, um einen Körper der Masse 1 kg mit der Beschleunigung zu beschleunigen.
oder:
Ein Newton ist somit die Kraft, die benötigt wird, um die Geschwindigkeit eines Körpers der Masse 1 kg jede Sekunde um zu erhöhen.
Bei einer mittleren Erdschwerebeschleunigung von g ˜ 9,80665 m/s² entspricht dies ungefähr der Gewichtskraft eines Körpers der Masse 102 g auf Meereshöhe, .
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 kg x 1 m / s2
1 N (Kraft) wird gebrauch um 1 Kg pro Sek um 1 Meter pro Sek zu beschleunigen
-------------------------------------------------------------
Die Physik lässt sich vielleicht (an)ordnen, wenn man das Einheitensystem SI anhand eines Elektromotors/Generators beschreibt, der eine mechanische Arbeit wie das Hochziehen eines Liftes leistet.
Man hat dann Wasser im Stausee und einen Lift, der hochgezogen
Man kann mit einer Uebersetzung (Hebel) mit wenig Kraft viel Gewicht heben, aber man braucht viel Kraft um viel Gewicht schnell zu beschleunigen.
Arbeit und Energie ist physikalisch dasselbe: Energie steht zur Verfügung und Arbeit wird verrichtet = Energie übertragen (zb beim Bremsen die Bewegung des Fahrzeuges in Wärme umwandeln.